Welcome back to my study/review of The Book of Daniel. If you missed the previous parts of this study, you can find them HERE.
Daniel 2:8-13
8 The king answered and said, “I know with certainty that you are trying to gain time, because you see that the word from me is firm— 9 if you do not make the dream known to me, there is but one sentence for you. You have agreed to speak lying and corrupt words before me till the times change. Therefore tell me the dream, and I shall know that you can show me its interpretation.” 10 The Chaldeans answered the king and said, “There is not a man on earth who can meet the king’s demand, for no great and powerful king has asked such a thing of any magician or enchanter or Chaldean. 11 The thing that the king asks is difficult, and no one can show it to the king except the gods, whose dwelling is not with flesh.”
12 Because of this the king was angry and very furious, and commanded that all the wise men of Babylon be destroyed. 13 So the decree went out, and the wise men were about to be killed; and they sought Daniel and his companions, to kill them.
_________________________________
The king made his demand in the previous verses and here he makes clear the consequences of failure. There is sometimes doubt as to whether Daniel and his companions should be included among the magicians, sorcerers, and Chaldeans. They did not come when the king made his summons. However, the fact that they were also slated to be killed as a result of this edict indicates their inclusion. The explanation for this might be that Daniel and his Judean companions might not have officially completed their schooling, yet, such that they were permitted to stand before the King. Their inclusion among those to be killed lets us know with some degree of firmness how they were educated in Babylon (as mentioned in Chapter 1.) We’ll dig into this section though, starting with The Pulpit Commentaries in verse 8:
The king answered and said, I know of certainty that ye would gain the time, because ye see the thing is gone from me. The versions here do not differ in any essential point. The king now becomes certain of the treasonable purpose of the soothsayers. The word zeban means not so much “gain” as “purchase,” “barter.“ To the king the meaning of their obstinate refusal to submit to his requirements is that they know that some great advantage may be gained by the king, or some great disaster forefended, if he only knows the meaning of this dream, and that if the king does not submit to them and yield up his decree, and, putting his pride under his feet, tell them the dream, the time when its revelation may be taken advantage of may be passed. In these matters everything was supposed to depend on the thing to be done being done precisely at the right conjunction of the planets. His last utterance seems almost to rise to agony, “Because ye see the thing is fixed away from me!” We have the same word (azda) translated here, as in the fifth verse, “gone.” As we saw above, its real meaning is rather “fixed,” “settled,” “determined.” His decree had gone out, and he would not—nay, so strongly had he willed at that it was as it’ he could not—alter his decision. It has been regarded as bearing on this passage that St. Paul (Ephesians 5:16) uses the same word as that by which the Greek versions translate zeban, “redeeming the time, because the days are evil.” The meaning of the apostle is to some extent in contrast to that here. Believers are, as it were, to purchase the time from the evil days. Nebuchadnezzar thought the astrologers were, as it were, ira.suing by their delays to buy the auspicious moment for the kingdom from under his feet. It is a mistaken idea that he thought they merely wished to gain time. It would I seem, from what we read further of his treatment of Daniel’s request lot time, that, had they merely asked for time, Nebuchadnezzar would have granted their request. He had staked his faith in their ability to unfold any mystery on this one test, and they seemed to him obstinately to refuse to submit to it. To believe them unable to reveal the truth that he wished, would be to overturn all the fabric of his faith in the religion of his fathers; therefore, with all the strength of a strong man. and all the blind faith of a fanatic, he will not acknowledge the inability of the soothsayers to tell him his dream; it must be obstinacy, he thinks, that prevents the soothsayers telling him, and that obstinacy must have a sinister purpose. There is a clause in the Septuagint completing this verse, but it is not parallel with any clause in the Massoretic text: “Then just as I have ordered, thus shall it be.” This probably is an alternative rendering. Azda is taken in what is now regarded as its meaning—”that which is fixed,” or “decreed,” in which case this final clause might be rendered, “What is fixed from me is a decree;” and of this the above-mentioned clause is a somewhat free rendering. This interpretation of the clause confirms our view of the situation.
In verse 9, we get a sense that the King may have made his request without fully trusting his “Wise Men” anyway. There may have been a sense that either he gets the dream interpreted, or he gets to be rid of people he did not like. From Ellicott’s Bible Commentary:
(9) There is but one decree.—He refers to the decree mentioned Daniel 2:5, that both the dream and the interpretation must be told. These two things must go together, for they form the subject of one decree.
Ye have prepared . . . be changed—i.e., “you have made au agreement among yourselves to postpone the matter till a more lucky time for explaining the dream shall come.” On Eastern notions about fortunate days, comp. Esther 3:7 and the standard inscription or Nebuchadnezzar towards the end.
Perhaps the magicians and sorcerers were hoping that the king may have mentioned the contents of the dream to someone and that they might learn it if given enough time. That would allow them a chance to present an interpretation. Or possibly they were hoping he would simply change his mind. Continuing with Ellicott to verse 10:
(10) No king.—A further argument of the wise men, offering a delicate flattery to the king, and, at the same time, assuming as a proof of their wisdom, that all possibilities had been already submitted to them. “Because no king,” they say, “has left any precedent for such a request, therefore the thing is impossible.”
(11) A rare thing—i.e., a difficult matter. The difficulty is so great, that the gods whose dwelling is not with flesh are alone able to solve it. Here the reference is to a doctrine of Babylonian theology, according to which every man from his birth onward had a special deity attached to him as his protector. It lived in him, or “dwelt with flesh,” as the wise men here remark. The deity, being united to the man, became a partaker of human infirmities. For instance, it was subject to the action of evil spirits, and to the influence of the spirits of sickness to such an extent that it might injure the person whom it was bound to protect. Even these deities, the wise men urge, cannot do what the king requires. Such wisdom belongs only to the gods whose dwelling is apart from man. (See Lenormant, La Magie, pp. 181-183.)
The King’s advisors realize quickly that the only help they can receive is divine help. They do not seem confident that this help will come. This attitude thus seems to confirm to the king a suspicion about these men that he may have already possessed and he was thus furious. From TPC:
For this cause the king was angry and very furious, and commanded to destroy all the wise men of Babylon. The Septuagint rendering differs little in sense from the above, but in words it does considerably, “Then the king, becoming gloomy and very grieved, commanded that they lead out ,all the wise men of Babylonia.” The main thing to be observed is the softening of the meaning in the hands of the Septuagint translator. This is so great as to suggest that he read לָהוֹזָלה instead of לְהוֹבָדָה. The aphel of אזל is not used in Chaldee, but is used in Syriac. Theodotion’s rendering is, “Then the king in anger and wrath commanded to destroy all the wise meal of Babylon.” The Syriac has a shade of difference, “Then was the king vehemently enraged, and in great fury commanded to destroy all the wise men of Babylon.” It is evident that Theodotion read בְנַס (benas), “was angry,” as if it were the preposition בand the Syriac noun נַס (has), “anger.” He also must have inserted the preposition before קְצַף (qetzaph), “wrath;” in this he is followed by the Peshitta. The Septuagint is freer in its rendering in this verse, and one cannot argue anything from it. The probability seems to be that נַס; (nas) is used as a noun, and that the Targamic verb was formed from the mistake of a scribe dropping the preposition before קְצַף (qetzaph). If we are correct in this, we have an additional evidence that the original languagge of Daniel was not Chaldee, but Syriac, or, at all events, Eastern Aramaic. As a grammatical note, we direct attention to the form לְהובָדָה, where the אof the root has totally disappeared before the הof the haphel, the equivalent in Biblical Aramaic of the Chaldee and Syriac aphel with its preformative .א Professor Bevan says that this distinction is only a matter of orthography. Are we to deduce that Professor Bevan has a cockney disregard for h‘s? The writer now drops reference to special classes of wise men, and names them generally ḥakeemin. The king is unconvinced of the truth of these wise men (ḥakeemin), or rather he is convinced that they are traitors and deceivers. They are either concealing from him the knowledge they have, and are, therefore, traitors to him; or the gods have withdrawn from them, and therefore they must have been untrue to the gods. On both these grounds Nebuchadnezzar thinks them worthy of death. He at once issues the decree that all the wise men in the city of Babylon should be slain. If the LXX. reading of Daniel 2:2 be correct, he had only summoned the Chaldean wise men. If all the wise men of Babylon were ordered to be slain, the punishment is extended beyond the offence. Possibly he argued, “If even my fellow-countrymen, the Chaldeans, are traitors, much more will the Babylonians be so.” So far as words go, it is doubtful whether this decree applies to the province of Babylonia, as the Septuagint translator thinks, or merely to those in the city. But cruel and furious as was the young conqueror, he was scarcely likely to order the wholesale massacre of those who, in Sippara and Borsippa, had neither refused to do what he wished, nor by implication called him an unreasonable tyrant, as had the wise men in Babylon.
The commentary note here was written prior to the discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Now, as a result of these discoveries, we have even more data to compare the Septuagint and the Masoretic Texts (the comparison such as is discussed in the note above.) We have since come to learn that sometimes the LXX is the more accurate rendering and sometimes the MT is preferable. The points of distinction are relatively small, usually, but much of the debate has found more clarity. Continuing then to verse 13:
And the decree went forth that the wise men should be slain. As the Aramaic stands, it might be translated as does Professor Fuller, “And the decree went forth, and the wise men were being slain;” the וֹ of co-ordination maybe regarded as here used of Subordination. Further, the use of the participle for the preterite is not by any means uncommon in Daniel, certainly mainly in the principal clause, as in verse 5 of the present chapter. Noldeke, in his ‘Syriac Grammar,’ 278a, gives examples of the passive participle being used as here in the subordinate clause. The Septuagint is very condensed, but possibly drawn from a similar text, only such extreme condensation is unlike the translator elsewhere. It is possible that some part of the פְּקַד. (peqad), “to decree,” was used, perhaps the participle hithpael. It is possible that the verb qetal was in the infinitive. Theodotion renders, “And the decree went forth, and the wise men were slain.” This, though a possible translation, does not fit what we find represented to be the circumstances, as verse 24 seems to assume that the wise men were not yet destroyed. On the other hand, it would be hardly possible to imagine the king allowing these wise men who had refused to answer his question, to go out of his presence in safety and unbound. It would seem more natural to imagine that they were carried off to prison, and that all the soothsaying class were intended to be gathered together in prison, in order that the vengeance of the king might be more appallingly manifest. The sentence looks at first sight to us as too savage to be true, but just as savage proofs of vengeance were given by Asshurbanipal. And they sought Daniel and his fellows to be slain. The Septuagint translation of this clause is somewhat paraphrastic, “And Daniel was sought for and all those with him in order to be put to death.” The want of an antecedent to fix the nominative of the verb probably led to the sentence assuming its present mould; but “all” seems to have no word to occasion it. Theodotion follows the Massoretic text closely; so also does the Peshitta. It is clear from this that Daniel and his companions had not been summoned into the royal presence when the question concerning the dream was put to the wise men. This would seem to contradict the statement of Daniel 1:19, “Therefore stood they”—to wit these Hebrew youths—“before the king.” Their position was probably like those who had passed the examination for the Indian Civil Service—they are accepted, but they have still a season of study, and then, after they go out to India, they occupy only subordinate situations at first. While permited to enter the ranks of the soothsayers and astrologers to the court, they were placed at first only in the lower grades, and would have to rise by degrees, and in ordinary circumstances a long time would elapse before they would be summoned into the immediate presence of the sovereign. On the reading of the LXX; Daniel and his friends would not, because they were Jews, and not Chaldeans. One has only to turn to the Talumdic tales to see how unlike this reasonable position is to the ordinary Jewish fictitious narrative. The Book of Daniel is not nearly prodigal enough in wonders to be a representative of the Jewish Midrash. It is further clear that the decree of the king went beyond those who had actually been in his council-chamber on that merest-able day. The idea of the king probably was that the treason which he had found in the heads of the various classes of Chaldean soothsayers would have permeated all the members. Babylonian and foreign, as well; therefore he orders them all to suffer a common fate. Wieseler’s hypothesis, that this event took place close to the end of the three years of study which had been assigned to these youths, would suit the statement of events which we find here; although it is not necessary, yet on this assumption, the succession of events as narrated in this chapter becomes perfectly natural.
So now Daniel, not yet permitted to stand before the King, is going to get an opportunity to answer the King’s demands. As with his ancestor Joseph, this will allow Daniel an opportunity to become powerful in his new home despite being an outsider there.
